Core Audio is the digital audio infrastructure of iOS and OS X. It includes a set of software frameworks designed to handle the audio needs in your applications. Read this chapter to learn what you can do with Core Audio.

Core Audio in iOS and OS X

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Core Audio is tightly integrated into iOS and OS X for high performance and low latency.

In OS X, the majority of Core Audio services are layered on top of the Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) as shown in Figure 1-1. Audio signals pass to and from hardware through the HAL. You can access the HAL using Audio Hardware Services in the Core Audio framework when you require real-time audio. The Core MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) framework provides similar interfaces for working with MIDI data and devices.

You find Core Audio application-level services in the Audio Toolbox and Audio Unit frameworks.

Use Audio Queue Services to record, play back, pause, loop, and synchronize audio.
Use Audio File, Converter, and Codec Services to read and write from disk and to perform audio data format transformations. In OS X you can also create custom codecs.
Use Audio Unit Services and Audio Processing Graph Services (represented in the figure as “Audio units”) to host audio units (audio plug-ins) in your application. In OS X you can also create custom audio units to use in your application or to provide for use in other applications.
Use Music Sequencing Services to play MIDI-based control and music data.
Use Core Audio Clock Services for audio and MIDI synchronization and time format management.
Hp psc 1315 driver download. Use System Sound Services (represented in the figure as “System sounds”) to play system sounds and user-interface sound effects.

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Core Audio in iOS is optimized for the computing resources available in a battery-powered mobile platform. There is no API for services that must be managed very tightly by the operating system—specifically, the HAL and the I/O Kit. However, there are additional services in iOS not present in OS X. For example, Audio Session Services lets you manage the audio behavior of your application in the context of a device that functions as a mobile telephone and an iPod. Figure 1-2 provides a high-level view of the audio architecture in iOS.

A Little About Digital Audio and Linear PCM

Most Core Audio services use and manipulate audio in linear pulse-code-modulated (linear PCM) format, the most common uncompressed digital audio data format. Digital audio recording creates PCM data by measuring an analog (real world) audio signal’s magnitude at regular intervals (the sampling rate) and converting each sample to a numerical value. Standard compact disc (CD) audio uses a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz, with a 16-bit integer describing each sample—constituting the resolution or bit depth.

A sample is single numerical value for a single channel.
A frame is a collection of time-coincident samples. For instance, a stereo sound file has two samples per frame, one for the left channel and one for the right channel.
A packet is a collection of one or more contiguous frames. In linear PCM audio, a packet is always a single frame. In compressed formats, it is typically more. A packet defines the smallest meaningful set of frames for a given audio data format.

In linear PCM audio, a sample value varies linearly with the amplitude of the original signal that it represents. Mac os yosemite clone of hard drive or key folders free. For example, the 16-bit integer samples in standard CD audio allow 65,536 possible values between silence and maximum level. The difference in amplitude from one digital value to the next is always the same.

Core Audio data structures, declared in the CoreAudioTypes.h header file, can describe linear PCM at any sample rate and bit depth. Audio Data Formats goes into more detail on this topic.

In OS X, Core Audio expects audio data to be in native-endian, 32-bit floating-point, linear PCM format. You can use Audio Converter Services to translate audio data between different linear PCM variants. You also use these converters to translate between linear PCM and compressed audio formats such as MP3 and Apple Lossless. Core Audio in OS X supplies codecs to translate most common digital audio formats (though it does not supply an encoder for converting to MP3).

iOS uses integer and fixed-point audio data. The result is faster calculations and less battery drain when processing audio. iOS provides a Converter audio unit and includes the interfaces from Audio Converter Services. For details on the so-called canonical audio data formats for iOS and OS X, see Canonical Audio Data Formats.

In iOS and OS X, Core Audio supports most common file formats for storing and playing audio data, as described in iPhone Audio File Formats and Supported Audio File and Data Formats in OS X.

Audio Units

Audio units are software plug-ins that process audio data. In OS X, a single audio unit can be used simultaneously by an unlimited number of channels and applications.

iOS provides a set of audio units optimized for efficiency and performance on a mobile platform. You can develop audio units for use in your iOS application. Because you must statically link custom audio unit code into your application, audio units that you develop cannot be used by other applications in iOS.

The audio units provided in iOS do not have user interfaces. Their main use is to provide low-latency audio in your application. For more on iPhone audio units, see Core Audio Plug-ins: Audio Units and Codecs.

In Mac apps that you develop, you can use system-supplied or third-party-supplied audio units. You can also develop an audio unit as a product in its own right. Users can employ your audio units in applications such as GarageBand and Logic Studio, as well as in many other audio unit hosting applications.

Some Mac audio units work behind the scenes to simplify common tasks for you—such as splitting a signal or interfacing with hardware. Others appear onscreen, with their own user interfaces, to offer signal processing and manipulation. For example, effect units can mimic their real-world counterparts, such as a guitarist’s distortion box. Other audio units generate signals, whether programmatically or in response to MIDI input.

Some examples of audio units are:

A signal processor (for example, a high-pass filter, reverb, compressor, or distortion unit). Each of these is generically an effect unit and performs digital signal processing (DSP) in a way similar to a hardware effects box or outboard signal processor.
A musical instrument or software synthesizer. These are called instrument units (or, sometimes, music devices) and typically generate musical notes in response to MIDI input.
A signal source. Unlike an instrument unit, a generator unit is not activated by MIDI input but rather through code. For example, a generator unit might calculate and generate sine waves, or it might source the data from a file or network stream.
An interface to hardware input or output. For more information on

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